El setembre de 1931, arran d'una vaga general, va ser detingut per haver pres part en la defensa
armada del local del Sindicat Únic del
Ram de la Construcció de la
CNT-AIT al carrer Merdaders de Barcelona assetjat per la policia i tancat a bord dels vaixells presons «Dédalo» i «Antonio López».
El febrer de 1933, fruit d'una intensa campanya portada per la CNT-AIT, fou amnistiat, però amb una ordre d'expulsió i portat, amb Egidio Bernardini i la seva companya Livia Bellinari, per l’estació ferroviària de Portbou a la frontera francesa.
In 1930, fleeing the repression that followed upon General José Félix Uriburu’s coup d’etat, he stowed away on a Yugoslav ship bound for Europe. After coming ashore in Antwerp he settled in Paris where he worked as a bricklayer and, according to the police, became “one of the most active Italian militants”, as a result of which he was expelled from France in May 1931. With some Spanish comrades, he then left for the Peninsula, where the Spanish Republic had just been proclaimed. In Barcelona, he joined the CNT. In September 1931 he was arrested following a general strike and charged with having helped in the armed defence of the CNT Construction Union premises in the Calle Mercaders in Barcelona when it was attacked by the police and he was held on the prison ships, the ‘Dedalo’ and the ‘Antonio Lopez’. In February 1932, together with fellow Italians Luigi Sofra and Egidio Bernardini, he mounted an escape bid. In February 1933, following an intensive campaign mounted by the CNT he was amnestied but was handed an expulsion order and escorted with Egidio Bernardini and his partner, Livia Bellinari, to the French border. After passing through Belgium and Holland, by May 1933 he was back in Barcelona. Charged with membership of a “criminal gang”, he was promptly arrested and committed to the Modelo prison in Barcelona for “breach of an expulsion order”. In December 1933 he took part in a mass break-out from the Modelo, only to be rearrested within days. On his release on 28 February 1934, he was arrested again and tried for “resisting the security forces” and given a 4 month jail term. In September 1934 he was expelled and escorted to the border with Portugal. He managed to re-enter Spain via Andalusia and settled in Seville, but the repression following the Casas Viejas incident was so severe that in October the same year he fled to Tangiers and thence to Algeria, living in Algiers and in Oran. Persecuted even in Algeria, by 1935 he was back in Spain and settled in the Valencia area.
Come the coup attempt in July 1936, he set off for Barcelona where the FAI put him in charge of organising the Italian Section of the “Ascaso Column”. According to a number of witnesses (Umberto Calosso, Carlo Rosselli, etc.) he played a crucial part in the engagements in Monte Pelado and Huesca. In January 1937, at the request of the CNT’s Regional Peasant Federation of Levante, he was dispatched to Valencia to oversee the running of some farming collectives. The end of the civil war found him stranded in the Alicante rat-trap but he managed to get out to Madrid and laid low in the home of a fascist whose life he had saved during the early months of the war. On 29 March 1941, after he was “turned in” by his landlord, he was arrested in Madrid. Extradited to Italy, he was sentenced in September 1941 to five years’ internment on the island of Ventotene.
In July 1943, with the collapse of fascist rule, he was moved to the Renicci d’Anghiari concentration camp (in Tuscany) together with dozens of other anarchist comrades deemed “dangerous”. On 18 September 1943 he was freed and set off for Istria where he promptly joined the partisans led by Josip Broz aka Tito. After he fell out with the Yugoslav communists, he left for Genoa where he made contact with the libertarian movement in the city. With other activists (Marcello Bianconi, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Caviglia, Alfonso Failla, Pasquale Binazzi, etc.) he took part in the Liberation struggle. Using the experience gained in Spain he served as a liaison between anarchist partisan groups and groups from other organisations. He also commanded the “Malatesta Brigade” – part of the SAP (Partisan Action Squads) – alongside Francesc Ogno, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Pozzi and Giuseppe Verardo – and the “Pisacane Brigade”, an anarchist urban guerrilla outfit operating in the Cornigliano and Plegi quarters of Genoa. After the Liberation he was one of the most active militants in Genoa. In June 1945 he was the Ligurian Libertarian Communist Federation’s (FCLL) delegate to the Milan congress of the Italian Anarcho-Communist Federation (FACI).
In 1946 he moved to Venice where he set up home with Alberta Machiori and they had a daughter the following year. In 1954 he returned to Genoa where he took part in most of the congresses held in the city by the Italian Anarchist Federation (FAI). In 1965 at the Carrara congress he was appointed to run the FAI book service and served on the organisation’s Correspondence Commission. In 1970 he was one of the founders of the “Armando Borghi Circle” in Genoa, marshalling young people drawn to anarchism through the social struggles of the day. Nikola Turcinovic died on 30 December 1971 in Genoa and was buried on 2 January 1972 in that city. In 2005 the “Nicola Turcinovic” Libertarian Group was launched in Genoa.
El febrer de 1933, fruit d'una intensa campanya portada per la CNT-AIT, fou amnistiat, però amb una ordre d'expulsió i portat, amb Egidio Bernardini i la seva companya Livia Bellinari, per l’estació ferroviària de Portbou a la frontera francesa.
Nikola Turcinovic:
El 21 d'agost de 1911 neix a Rovinj (Ístria, Croàcia) el destacat militant anarquista
Nikola Turcinovic, també conegut com Nicolas
(o Nicolò)
Turcinovich o Nicola Turcino. El seu pares va ser Giuseppe Turcinovic i la seva mare, Maddalene Malusà.
Només pogué fer els estudis elementals i quan encara era molt jove entrà en contacte amb els cercles
obrers llibertaris de Rovinj. L'agost de 1927 s'embarcà com a grumet a bord del «Belvedere», de la companyia marítima
Cosulich Line Trieste, que unia la ciutat de Trieste (Trieste, Friül - Venècia Júlia) amb Amèrica.
Després
de barallar-se a bord amb un feixista que el provocà, decidí durant una
escala a Buenos Aires
(Riu de la Plata, Argentina) no retornar a la Itàlia feixista i
desertà. Per aquest fet, el desembre de 1929 va ser condemnat en
rebel·lia per un tribunal de Pula (Ístria, Croàcia) a sis mesos de
presó.
A Buenos Aires entrà en contacte amb la
Federació Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA), on militaven alguns llibertaris d'Ístria, com ara Fracesco Depanghere i Giuseppe Pesel, membres del grup «Umanità Nuova». Per guanyar-s'hi
la vida va fer de tot.
En
1930, fugint de la repressió desencadenada arran del cop d'Estat del
general José Félix Uriburu,
embarcà clandestinament en un vaixell iugoslau cap a Europa. Després de
desembarcar a Anvers (Flandes, Bèlgica), s'instal·là a París (Illa de
França), on treballa com a paleta i esdevingué, segons la policia
francesa, en «un dels militants italians exiliats
més actius» i per això expulsat el maig de 1931.
Amb alguns companys espanyols, marxà a la Península, on s'acabava de proclamar la
República. A Barcelona participà amb la
Confederació Nacional del Treball (CNT-AIT).
El setembre de 1931, arran d'una vaga general, va ser detingut per haver pres part en la defensa
armada del local del Sindicat Únic del
Ram de la Construcció de la
CNT-AIT al carrer Merdaders de Barcelona assetjat per la policia i tancat a bord dels vaixells presons «Dédalo»
i «Antonio López». El febrer de 1932, amb el companys italians Luigi Sofrà i Egidio Bernardini intentà evadir-s'hi.
El febrer de 1933, fruit d'una intensa campanya portada per la
CNT-AIT, fou amnistiat, però amb una ordre d'expulsió i portat,
amb Egidio Bernardini i la seva companya Livia Bellinari, per l’estació
ferroviària de Portbou (La Mar d’Amunt, l’Albera marítima, Alt Empordà) a
la frontera
francesa.
Després
de passar per Bèlgica i Holanda, el maig de 1933 ja era de bell nou a
Barcelona. Acusat de
pertànyer a una «banda de malfactors», fou immediatament detingut i
internat a la presó Model per «infracció al decret d'expulsió». El
desembre de 1933 participà en una evasió en massa de la Model, però va
ser novament detingut dies després.
Un cop lliure, el 28 de febrer de 1934 va ser novament arrestat, jutjat per «resistència a la força
pública» i condemnat a quatre mesos de presó.
Notícia de l'expulsió de Turcinovic apareguda en el diari barceloní La Vanguardia del 25 de setembre de 1934 |
El setembre de 1934 va ser expulsat i portat a la frontera amb Portugal. Segons una nota el 25 de
setembre de 1934 al diari La Vanguardia es tractava d’un
extremista perillós que havia complert condemna per tenir armes i
robatori, essent expulsat. En la mateixa nota periodística també es deia
que havien estat
expulsats Joaquin Morena, Armand Cazu i Ali Ben Mascidi, arrestats a
Figueres (Alt Empordà).
De bell nou aconseguí entrar a la República espanyola per Andalusia i s'establí a Sevilla (Andalusia),
però la repressió arran dels fets de Casas Viejas (Benalup - Casas Viejas,
Cadis, Andalusia) va ser tan forta que l'octubre d'aquell any
fugí a Tànger (Tànger –Tetuan - Al Hoceima, Rif) i passà a Algèria,
residint a Alger i a Orà.
Perseguit també a Algèria, en 1935 retornà a la Península i s'instal·là a la zona de València.
Amb el cop d'Estat franquista de juliol de 1936, marxà a Barcelona, on la
Federació Anarquista Ibèrica (FAI) li encarregà l'organització de la
Secció Italiana de la «Columna Ascaso». Segons diversos
testimonis (Umberto Caloso, Carlo Rosselli, etc.), la seva actuació en
els combats de Monte Pelado i al front d'Osca
va ser fonamental.
El gener de 1937, a petició de la
Federació Regional de Pagesos de Llevant de la
CNT-AIT, va ser enviat a València (l’Horta, País Valencià) per ocupar-se de la gestió de les col·lectivitats agrícoles.
L’1
d’abril de 1939, dia de la victòria militar franquista, l'agafà en la
ratonera d'Alacant (Alacantí,
País Valencià), però aconseguí arribar a Madrid (Castella la Nova) i
s'amagà a casa d'un franquista a qui havia salvat la vida durant els
primers mesos de la guerra.
El 19 de març de 1941, després de ser denunciat pel seu llogador, va ser detingut a Madrid.
Extradit a Itàlia, el setembre de 1941 va ser condemnat a cinc anys d'internament a l'illa de Ventotene
(Llatina, Laci).
El
juliol de 1943, amb la caiguda del feixisme, va ser traslladat al camp
de concentració de Renicci
d'Anghiari (Toscana) amb desenes de companys anarquistes considerats
com a «perillosos». çEl 18 de setembre de 1943 va ser alliberat i marxà a
Ístria, on s'integrà immediatament en els grups partisans comandats per
Josip Broz (Tito). A resultes dels desacords
suscitats amb els iugoslaus titistes, marxà a Gènova (Ligúria), on
entrà en contacte amb el moviment llibertari de la ciutat. Amb altres
militants (Marcello Bianconi, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Caviglia, Alfonso
Failla, Pasquale Bonazzi, etc.), participà en els
lluites per l'Alliberament. Aprofitant l'experiència aconseguida a la
Península, fou agent d'enllaç entre els grups de partisans anarquistes i
els d'altres organitzacions. També comandà la «Brigada Malatesta» --enquadrada
en les «Squadres d'Azione Partigiane» (SAP, Esquadres d'Acció
Partisana) i que comptà entre d'altres Francesco Ogno, Emilio Grassini,
Pietro Pozzi i Giuseppe Verardo)-- i la «Brigada
Pisacane» de guerrilla urbana anarquista, que actuava als barris genovesos de Cornigliano i de Plegli.
Després de l'Alliberament va ser un dels militants més actius a Gènova. El juny de 1945 va ser delegat
de la Federació Comunista Llibertària Liguriana (FCLL) al Congrés de Milà (Llombardia) de la
Federació Anarquista Comunista Italiana (FACI).
En 1946 s'instal·là a Venècia (Vèneto), on es casà amb Alberta Machiori, amb qui tingué una filla
l'any següent.
En 1954 retornà a Gènova, on participà en la major part de congressos que es realitzaren a la ciutat
de la Federació Anarquista Italiana (FAI).
En 1965, arran del Congrés de Carrara (Massa - Carrara, Toscana), va ser nomenat gerent de la llibreria
de la FAI i membre de la
Comissió de Correspondència d'aquesta organització.
En 1970 va ser un dels fundadors del «Cercle Armando Borghi»
de Gènova, que reagrupà joves militants que s'acostaren a l'anarquisme arran de les lluites socials de l'època.
Nikola Turcinovic va morir el 30 de desembre de 1971 a Gènova i fou enterrat el 2 de gener de 1972
en aquesta ciutat. En 2005 es creà el Grup Llibertari «Nicola Turcinovich» a Gènova.Nikola Turcinovic (1911-1971)
The prominent anarchist activist Nikola Turcinovic aka Nicolas (or Nicolo) Turcinovich or Nicola Turcini was born in Rovigno (Istria, Croatia) on 21 August 1911, the son of Giuseppe Turcinovic and Maddalene Malusa. He never received more than an elementary schooling and while very young came into contact with libertarian labour circles in Rovigno. In August 1927 he was taken on as a cabin boy aboard the ‘Belvedere’ a ship belonging to the Cosulich Line Trieste, plying between Trieste and the Americas. After a fracas on board with a fascist who provoked him, he decided, in the course of a stop-over in Buenos Aires, not to go back to fascist Italy and he deserted: at around the same time, in December 1929, he was sentenced in absentia by a court in Pula to six months in prison. In Buenos Aires he made contact with the FORA in which a number of Istrian militants were active, people such as Francesco Depanghere and Giuseppe Pesel, members of the “Umanitá Nova” group. He tried all sorts of jobs to earn a living.In 1930, fleeing the repression that followed upon General José Félix Uriburu’s coup d’etat, he stowed away on a Yugoslav ship bound for Europe. After coming ashore in Antwerp he settled in Paris where he worked as a bricklayer and, according to the police, became “one of the most active Italian militants”, as a result of which he was expelled from France in May 1931. With some Spanish comrades, he then left for the Peninsula, where the Spanish Republic had just been proclaimed. In Barcelona, he joined the CNT. In September 1931 he was arrested following a general strike and charged with having helped in the armed defence of the CNT Construction Union premises in the Calle Mercaders in Barcelona when it was attacked by the police and he was held on the prison ships, the ‘Dedalo’ and the ‘Antonio Lopez’. In February 1932, together with fellow Italians Luigi Sofra and Egidio Bernardini, he mounted an escape bid. In February 1933, following an intensive campaign mounted by the CNT he was amnestied but was handed an expulsion order and escorted with Egidio Bernardini and his partner, Livia Bellinari, to the French border. After passing through Belgium and Holland, by May 1933 he was back in Barcelona. Charged with membership of a “criminal gang”, he was promptly arrested and committed to the Modelo prison in Barcelona for “breach of an expulsion order”. In December 1933 he took part in a mass break-out from the Modelo, only to be rearrested within days. On his release on 28 February 1934, he was arrested again and tried for “resisting the security forces” and given a 4 month jail term. In September 1934 he was expelled and escorted to the border with Portugal. He managed to re-enter Spain via Andalusia and settled in Seville, but the repression following the Casas Viejas incident was so severe that in October the same year he fled to Tangiers and thence to Algeria, living in Algiers and in Oran. Persecuted even in Algeria, by 1935 he was back in Spain and settled in the Valencia area.
Come the coup attempt in July 1936, he set off for Barcelona where the FAI put him in charge of organising the Italian Section of the “Ascaso Column”. According to a number of witnesses (Umberto Calosso, Carlo Rosselli, etc.) he played a crucial part in the engagements in Monte Pelado and Huesca. In January 1937, at the request of the CNT’s Regional Peasant Federation of Levante, he was dispatched to Valencia to oversee the running of some farming collectives. The end of the civil war found him stranded in the Alicante rat-trap but he managed to get out to Madrid and laid low in the home of a fascist whose life he had saved during the early months of the war. On 29 March 1941, after he was “turned in” by his landlord, he was arrested in Madrid. Extradited to Italy, he was sentenced in September 1941 to five years’ internment on the island of Ventotene.
In July 1943, with the collapse of fascist rule, he was moved to the Renicci d’Anghiari concentration camp (in Tuscany) together with dozens of other anarchist comrades deemed “dangerous”. On 18 September 1943 he was freed and set off for Istria where he promptly joined the partisans led by Josip Broz aka Tito. After he fell out with the Yugoslav communists, he left for Genoa where he made contact with the libertarian movement in the city. With other activists (Marcello Bianconi, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Caviglia, Alfonso Failla, Pasquale Binazzi, etc.) he took part in the Liberation struggle. Using the experience gained in Spain he served as a liaison between anarchist partisan groups and groups from other organisations. He also commanded the “Malatesta Brigade” – part of the SAP (Partisan Action Squads) – alongside Francesc Ogno, Emilio Grassini, Pietro Pozzi and Giuseppe Verardo – and the “Pisacane Brigade”, an anarchist urban guerrilla outfit operating in the Cornigliano and Plegi quarters of Genoa. After the Liberation he was one of the most active militants in Genoa. In June 1945 he was the Ligurian Libertarian Communist Federation’s (FCLL) delegate to the Milan congress of the Italian Anarcho-Communist Federation (FACI).
In 1946 he moved to Venice where he set up home with Alberta Machiori and they had a daughter the following year. In 1954 he returned to Genoa where he took part in most of the congresses held in the city by the Italian Anarchist Federation (FAI). In 1965 at the Carrara congress he was appointed to run the FAI book service and served on the organisation’s Correspondence Commission. In 1970 he was one of the founders of the “Armando Borghi Circle” in Genoa, marshalling young people drawn to anarchism through the social struggles of the day. Nikola Turcinovic died on 30 December 1971 in Genoa and was buried on 2 January 1972 in that city. In 2005 the “Nicola Turcinovic” Libertarian Group was launched in Genoa.
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